Sweet corn is more susceptible than field corn and under very favorable conditions may. This article cites 64 articles, 27 of which can be accessed free at. Over the years, scientists have generated suites of research tools to study. Because of its easy maintenance and genetic tractability, this fungus is well suited for the study of secondary metabolism teichmann et al. School of bioscience, university of exeter, stocker road, exeter, ex4 4qd, united kingdom. Corn smut disease causes severe damage and losses of corn, one of the worlds major cereal crops, every year. Sexual development in fungi is controlled by mating type loci that prevent self. The basidiomycete ustilago maydis is the causal agent of corn smut disease and induces tumor formation during biotrophic growth in its host maize zea mays. Ustilago maydis, a new fungal model system for cell biology gero steinberg1, 2 and jose perezmartin3 1max planckinstitut fur terrestrische mikrobiologie, karlvonfrischstr. The rcsb pdb also provides a variety of tools and resources. As zea mays was domesticated, it carried with it many associated symbionts, such that the subsequent range expansion and cultivation of maize should have affected maize symbionts evolutionary history dramatically. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Dual function of a secreted fungalysin metalloprotease in.
Maize tumors caused by ustilago maydis require organ. Ustilago maydis is a plant pathogen that requires a specific structure called infective filament to penetrate the plant tissue. Apr 27, 2018 the fungus ustilago maydis secretes many effector proteins to cause disease in maize. Crosstalk between the unfolded protein response and pathways that regulate pathogenic development in ustilago maydis. Genome editing in ustilago maydis using the crisprcas system. In our analysis, we focused on fungal metabolism, nutritional strategies, secreted effectors, and regulatory networks. The biotrophic development of ustilago maydis studied by. Biotrophic pathogens do not kill the plant but establish an intimate relationship in which the host needs to stay alive to provide the pathogen with nutrients. Corn smut caused by ustilago maydis by christensen, j. Genetic analysis of biosurfactant production in ustilago.
This fungal pathogen infects growing maize and teosinte plants, leading to the formation of large tumorlike masses filled with spores, stunted plant growth, and reduced crop yield. Ustilago maydis a valuable model system for the study of fungal dimorphism and virulence. Free amino acids are crucial nonvolatile compounds involved in the overall taste of many food products. Maize tumors caused by ustilago maydis require organspecific. Media in category ustilago maydisthe following 81 files are in this category, out of 81 total. It exists in two morphologies, a yeastlike, nonpathogenic stage and a filamentous, infectious form 3. Content of free amino acids in huitlacoche ustilago maydis. Ustilago maydis definition of ustilago maydis by medical. Huitlacoche or cuitlacoche is an edible corn smut fungus consumed in mexico, and it is becoming internationally known as a delicacy. Molecules free fulltext response of ustilago maydis against the. Here, we performed an in depth transcriptional profiling of the entire plantassociated development of u.
Previously, deletion analysis demonstrated that several effectors have important functions in inducing tumor expansion specifically in maize leaves. The free amino acid content of frozen and lyophilized huitlacoche ustilago maydis was investigated. Genome editing in ustilago maydis using the crisprcas. Ustilago maydis is the causal agent of corn smut disease. Overall the availability of the genome is a permanent resource available to the scientific community at large and is of outstanding value to those of. This cell cycle arrest is released once the filament penetrates the plant tissue. Identification of a gene cluster for biosynthesis of.
Important tools for exprimentation with ustilago myadis iii. Publication date 1963 topics corn, smut diseases publisher. Ustilago maydis is an important model system for studying pathogenhost interactions and has been studied for more than 100 years by plant pathologists. Corn smut caused by ustilago maydis internet archive. Biotrophic pathogens do not kill the plant but establish an intimate relationship in which the host needs to stay alive to. It is now present in nearly all countries where corn is grown and is of great economic importance in north america.
Fungi cause many diseases in plants, and reduce the yield of important crops like wheat, corn and rice all of which belong to the family of grasses. The biotrophic pathogen ustilago maydis is the causative agent of the corn smut disease 1. The primary mycelium consists of hyaline, slender, septate hyphae with. Genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis to.
Because transmission of umvh1 takes place only through. Ustilago maydis is an excellent model system for studying hostpathogen interactions, and it has been studied for more than 100 years by plant pathologists. It is well adapted to its host and proliferates in living plant tissue without inducing a defence response. The pcr product was employed as a probe to screen a genomic library of the fungus. The dimorphic basidiomycete ustilago maydis produces large amounts of surfaceactive compounds under conditions of nitrogen starvation.
Ustilago maydis free download as powerpoint presentation. Pronunciation of ustilago maydis with 1 audio pronunciation, 1 translation and more for ustilago maydis. These biosurfactants consist of derivatives of two classes of amphipathic glycolipids. Ustilago maydis is considered the most suitable species. Dec 23, 2009 the ustilago maydis b mating type locus controls hyphal proliferation and expression of secreted virulence factors in planta ramon wahl karlsruhe institute of technology, institute for applied biosciences, department of genetics, d. In this article we will discuss about the life cycle of ustilago with the help of suitable diagrams. Ustilago maydis virus h1 umvh1 is a mycovirus that infects ustilago maydis, a fungal pathogen of maize. Digest the cell walls by resuspending cells in 2 ml filter sterilized scs containing 3 mg. Septation is likely to be important in the growth of the infectious dikaryon because of the need to maintain specific cellular compartments. Two different chs genes umchs1 and umchs2 were thus identified in the positive clones recovered. This transition is regulated by mating and environmental signals. Find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. In this work, we used the yeast ustilago maydis to study the effects of these molecules on the plasma membrane, focusing on physiologic and stress responses.
The international ustilago maydis research conferences organized by drs. Throughout most of the world, common smut is considered to be a troublesome disease of corn, but in central mexico, galls on ears of corn are considered an edible. Investigations of the mating system confirm reports that the production of diploid brandspores in the host is controlled by alleles at two loci. Dna fragments that function as autonomously replicating sequences arss have been isolated from ustilago maydis. Here we analyze the role of the scp2 gene during plant colonization. The basidiomycete fungus ustilago maydis is the causative agent of corn smut disease. Much research into how diseasecausing fungi infect plants will look at a given fungus that infects a specific plant in order to understand plant diseases in general. Programmed cell cycle arrest is required for infection of. The total rna was dnasetreated and cdna was prepared using turbo dnafree kit invitrogen. Dec 27, 2019 ustilago maydis is a promising yeast for the production of a range of valuable metabolites, including itaconate, malate, glycolipids and triacylglycerols.
We identified 35 glycoproteins, and showed that 14 out of the 28 assayed are involved. Corn smut is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fungus ustilago maydis that causes smut on maize and teosinte. Although many of these biosurfactants have interesting potential applications, very little is known about their biosynthesis. Common smut of corn, caused by ustilago maydis, is easily identified by tumorlike galls that form on actively growing host tissues and contain masses of dark, sooty teliospores. Summary the peroxisomal sterol carrier protein 2 scp2 of the biotrophic maize pathogen ustilago maydis was detected in apoplastic. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. Zameitat e, freymark g, dietz cd, loffler m, bolker m 2007 functional expression of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase dhodh in pyr4 mutants of ustilago maydis allows target validation of dhodh inhibitors in vivo. A secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides maize. The fungus ustilago maydis is the causative agent of smut disease on corn.
Isolation and characterization of an autonomously replicating. A secreted effector protein of ustilago maydis guides. Phylogeography of ustilago maydis virus h1 in the usa and. It also has large biotechnological potential due to features such as natural production of a wide range of value. The fungus ustilago maydis secretes many effector proteins to cause disease in maize.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Inoculate 50 ml of yeps with a primary culture of ustilago maydis and grow cells overnight at 30 c to a cell density of o. Ustilago maydis is an important fungal pathogen of maize, causing corn smut. Pdf on aug 5, 2009, cabreraponce jl and others published ustilago maydis. Genetic manipulation of the plant pathogen ustilago maydis. Fungal pathogens of maize gaining free passage along the silk road author. Ustilago maydis, also known as ustilago zeae and ustilago zeae mays, is a biotrophic fungus that causes corn smut common smut, boil smut 58 table1. The biotrophic fungus ustilago maydis belongs to the basidiomycota and is the causative agent of corn smut disease kamper et al. Ustilago maydis, a new fungal model system for cell biology. It is edible, and is known in mexico as the delicacy huitlacoche.
Previous studies have recorded high accumulation of soluble sugars and starch within these tumors. The basidiomycete ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize zea mays by infecting all plant aerial tissues. The biotrophic development of ustilago maydis studied by rna. Also, areas free of the disease could only be planted with maize seed produced from crops free of u. Kahmann are greatly helping in the planning and coordination of utilization of the genomic information. The dimorphic fungus ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize.
Ustilago is a genus of approximately 200 smut fungi parasitic on grasses there is a large research community that works on ustilago maydis including researchers at the university of georgia, philippsuniversitat marburg, university of british columbia and others. The fungus forms galls on all aboveground parts of corn species. Ustilago maydis a valuable model system for the study of. Although able to grow, this filament is cell cycle arrested on the plant surface. When inserted into an integrative transforming vector, the fragments increased the frequency of u. Fungal pathogens of maize gaining free passage along the. The ustilago maydis repetitive effector rsp3 blocks the antifungal. This was considered to be a successful case of eradication and exclusion because additional occurrences of common smut were not reported until 1982 when the disease was found throughout the north. This organism can be cultured easily under laboratory conditions on young corn plants and on synthetic media, where it grows as a singlecelled yeast. This page was last edited on 3 september 2018, at 14. The reasons and mechanisms for this cell cycle arrest are unknown. Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant. According to the nuclear behaviour, the mycelium of ustilago passes through two distinct stages of development. The biotrophic smut fungus ustilago maydis infects all aerial organs of maize zea mays and induces tumors in the plant tissues.
Harvest by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature. An ustilago maydis chassis for itaconic acid production. The ustilago maydis repetitive effector rsp3 blocks the. Sugar partitioning between ustilago maydis and its host. Nglycosylation of the protein disulfide isomerase pdi1. Genetic markers were obtained by inducing mutations in a. The infection causes leaf chlorosis and stimulates the plant to produce nutrientrich niches i. Ustilago maydis to fungal antibiotics on simple and complex media. Ustilago maydis the smut of corn ustilago maydis was probably present when the british came to america. Ustilago maydis is a phytopathogenic model fungus that has been studied extensively for decades 1,2. The ustilago maydis b mating type locus controls hyphal. We have conducted a combined metabolome and transcriptome survey of infected leaves between 1 d post infection dpi and 8 dpi, representing infected leaf primordia and fully developed tumors, respectively.
Ustilago maydis, a member of the ustilaginaceae family, is a well. The smut fungus ustilago maydis is a ubiquitous pathogen of corn. Pcr was used to amplify fragments corresponding to chs genes from ustilago maydis, utilizing as primers oligonucleotides devised according to the conserved regions of fungal chs genes. The maize smut fungus ustilago maydis is a model organism for elucidating host colonization strategies of biotrophic fungi. Trehalose is required for stress resistance and virulence of the. During maize infection, the fungal pathogen ustilago maydis undergoes a dimorphic transition from budding, yeastlike cells to a filamentous dikaryon that proliferates in the host.
In the phytopathogenic fungus ustilago maydis, the b mating type locus encodes two homeodomain proteins, termed be and bw. Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, is a basidiomycete fungus parasitizing only maize and its wild progenitor teosinte both zea mays l. Universal breakthrough discoveries such as homologous recombination and dna repair mechanisms were made in the yeastlike growth stage of this fungus 4. Using ustilago maydis as a trojan horse for in situ. Many microorganisms produce surfaceactive substances that enhance the availability of waterinsoluble substrates.
Ustilagic acids are cellobiose lipids in which the disaccharide is oglycosidically linked to 15,16dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Pdf infection of alternative host plant species by ustilago maydis. As a member of the wwpdb, the rcsb pdb curates and annotates pdb data according to agreed upon standards. Genetic markers were obtained by inducing mutations in a wildtype strain with ultraviolet light. Unlike oncogenic agents that reactivate cell division, u. Ustilago maydis is a promising yeast for the production of a range of valuable metabolites, including itaconate, malate, glycolipids and triacylglycerols. Authors of over 50 institutions that have signed a publish and read agreement with the society are now eligible for fee free open access. It infects all aerial parts of maize resulting in large tumors that contain melanized, black spores. Virulence function of the ustilago maydis sterol carrier. The fungus ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen of maize zea mays. The biotrophic fungus ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize. The biotrophic basidiomycete ustilago maydis, the causative agent of maize smut, has a saprotrophic phase, where it grows yeast. Elucidation of the complete ferrichrome a biosynthetic. After cell fusion, a heterodimeric bebw complex is formed if the proteins are derived from different alleles.
Pdf an ustilago maydis chassis for itaconic acid production. Genetic analysis of biosurfactant production in ustilago maydis. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists. Pdf ustilago maydis, a delicacy of the aztec cuisine and a model.
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